我的转身：克鲁伊夫自传 (豆瓣)

@shuise：
## 1

At the heart of what I have learned as a player is that, above all else, you need four things: good grass, clean changing rooms, players who clean their own boots and tight goal nets.

As I always said, if you work in football, it’s not work. You have to train hard, but you have to have fun as well.

five basic fundamentals of football: **shooting, heading, dribbling, passing and controlling the ball**

**It’s led me to realize that the easiest way is often the hardest. So I see touching the ball once as the highest form of technique.**

We found out that he had died of a heart attack because his cholesterol was too high. His death has never let go of me, and as I grew older, the feeling that his fate would also be mine grew stronger.

For a long time, I thought that I wouldn’t make fifty. So I wasn’t really very surprised when I developed heart problems at about the same age as my father, while I was coaching at Barcelona, because I had more or less prepared myself for it. Except for one big difference – thirty years later medical science was able to save me.

And because I had subconsciously absorbed everything – always watching, listening – I developed really quickly as a footballer.

I was morally obliged to be the best player in the juniors. This is how I thought the game should be played, and every match was about trying to get closer to being the best, whichever team I was playing for. People said that I talked too much, and people got annoyed with me for doing so, telling me to shut up the whole time.

I was coach at Ajax and then at Barcelona I’d have two or three players clean the changing room to strengthen their sense of responsibility.

## 2

The basis of Ajax’s big breakthrough was a combination of talent, technique and discipline.

Once that had been achieved, he hammered away at our mentality. The special thing was that following his instructions never created an atmosphere of rigid obedience.

In those days Michels called me a rough diamond, but he always made sure I was involved, such as when he held those separate pre-match discussions about our opponents and our tactics with me. In that way he taught me at a young age to think about team play. I later adapted that same method with players like Marco van Basten and Pep Guardiola. It works in two directions: it’s good for the team and it’s good for the player in question.

Like his belief that defense is a matter of giving your opponent as little time as possible, or that when you’ve got possession of the ball you have to ensure that you have as much space as possible, and when you lose the ball you must minimize the space your opponent has.

From when I was an eighteen-year-old at Ajax and he singled me out and made me think about match tactics, he always brought a huge amount of professionalism to the context in which I had to perform. Michels picked up the pace and paid constant attention to every detail of our development. Later on, when I became a coach and advisor, I discovered for myself how difficult it is if your players aren’t inspired to perform to the maximum. When that happens, however much you want to and however hard you try, you’re never going to succeed.

## 3

An example. When putting pressure on a right-footed defender, I would close him down on his right, forcing him to pass with his weaker left foot. Meanwhile Johan Neeskens would be coming up from midfield on his left, forcing the opponent to make the pass quickly. That made his problem even worse.

All of that happened within a radius of five to ten metres.

But after the match everyone was talking about the feint that I’d done: the so-called ‘Cruyff turn’, in which, in a forward motion, I drag the ball behind my supporting leg, turn my body away immediately and sprint towards the ball.

It just wasn’t quite 100 per cent. Of course you can still play pretty well at 95 per cent, but if your opponents are playing at the top of their game you’re in danger of being second best all over the pitch.

A lot of people think that when you’re defending you have to boot the ball away every time. But the art of defending is also about understanding when you have to give the goalie a chance to make a save.

Although I’d been part of many trophy-winning club sides, it was only after that World Cup that I achieved true stardom. Everything I said and thought suddenly mattered. Not just in Holland, but all over the world. It’s an impact that still often surprises me.

## 4

According to Yao, every attacker in basketball has a hundred situations under the basket that he’s experienced before, stored in his head like a list numbered 1 to 100. As a result, during any play he intuitively knows what he’s got to do by calling up the right number. But O’Neal was up against something new in Yao Ming. He’d never played against anyone like him before. Nevertheless, O’Neal seemed able to analyse the new situations almost instantly, and to add them to the database in his head. So within five minutes he had variants 101 and 102 in his system, and was the boss of Yao Ming.
> 思考、实践并重复技术解决方案。

It was typical of the gulf between German and Dutch training methods. In those days, in Germany, the trainer made the decisions and everyone else obeyed them. In Holland we were about collaborative effort. When we all agreed on something, then we did it, and if we couldn’t agree, then we didn’t.

I shan’t name names here, but let me just say that during the course of my career I’d built up a circle of acquaintances, one of whom came up with an investment suggestion that sounded great. Unfortunately, it was in an area of business I knew nothing about, plus – and this is the stupidest thing – something I actually had absolutely no connection with. My ignorance was being exploited. I had money, and where there’s money you’ll find rats running about. You know that, and now so do I. But I didn’t know it then.

I’d made no transfer request, nor been asked if I wanted to leave, or where I wanted to go. That’s the way it worked in the North American Soccer League. I had no contract with the club, just with the NASL. The league itself. You could arrive for training and find out you’d been sold to another club and had to be on the other side of America within forty-eight hours. You just had to take the plane, whoever you were. In those days there was no such thing as a free agent.

**Within American sport they understand more than anyone else how important it is to collaborate.**

The big difference between America and Europe is that in America sport is regulated by a school system, and in Europe it’s done via a club system.
> 体育系统 vs 俱乐部模式

Among the Americans, studying and sport are two sides of the same coin. We split them up, they bring them together. That’s why, in America, a real Einstein understands sport, and a real sportsman understands Einstein.

I myself always say you play football with your head; you just use your legs to run.

And you find yourself resisting the narrow-mindedness that persists in a lot of European sport.

So as far as I’m concerned, data and statistics can never take precedence over performance. They’re an aid, but you have to look through your own eyes

In America, I also noticed that the primary aim of top-level sport is to entertain the public.
> 取悦观众

Spectators work hard all week. When they leave the stadium after the match they have to go home happy and be satisfied with what they’ve seen.

They told me to forget about where the ball landed, but instead to look at the eyes of the child, the eyes of the mother and the eyes of the father. And to see the happiness that I was giving them when they had simply kicked the ball, something they had never managed to do before

Let me take myself as a model. I couldn’t have played football and studied at the same time. When I was free the schools were shut, and the schools didn’t want to make any exceptions. Via my Cruyff Institute I later tried to give sportsmen a solution, but at the time that’s not how people were thinking at all.

Even though the KNVB now has a shorter period of training for ex-internationals, there’s still talk of theoretical training rather than practical training.

## 5

What was once the strength of Dutch football, technical skill, is now our weakness.

By thinking differently. For example, one day at Ajax I suggested we use Len del Ferro, an opera singer who specialized in breathing techniques, to help the players get the maximum return on every inhalation and exhalation.
> 歌剧明星教运动员呼吸

So I was always on the lookout for specialists so we could do better work on the details. That was a really important part of my method. In the Netherlands, at least at the beginning of my time in charge at Ajax, they weren’t used to working like that. But I said to them: ‘If you do fitness training, you’re responsible. Not me. So don’t ask me what to do. For me, two things are important: in principle they’ve got to be able to play for 120 minutes, and they have to have a laugh. I’m not the policeman, I’m nothing. But if you can’t work it out for yourselves, then I’ll go out and find someone else who can.’

So it was about finding people who were both willing to and good enough to take responsibility for their actions.

The result at Ajax was that everyone learned not only how to give the best of themselves, but also how to share it with other people.

The team was already good enough to end up in the top three, however we played, but I wanted more, and to achieve it in a more entertaining way.

## 6

It’s an example of how trainers can differ from one another. Over the years I’ve noticed they fall into two camps: those who always wanted to be coaches and those who took up coaching because they were no longer fit enough to play.

@shuise：**我之前说过，我踢球主要是为了娱乐大众。** 对我来说，足球不止于胜负。我的原则始终基于几个问题:你想赢得多漂亮?你采取何种策略以达目的?坐在看台上的球迷视球队为自己生命的一部分，你必须每时每刻都要顾及他们的感受。不管是做球员还是当教练，你要多站在他们的角度为他们着想。在荷兰，人们思考问题的方式有别于德国人、英国人、西班牙人或是意大利人，他们的性格迥然不同。这就是为什么不管你是谁，也不管你来自哪里，只要你在荷兰生活，你就无法像意大利人一样踢球，你就是做不到。

接下来我便着手开展工作，首要之急是最大限度地避免犯小错。我之前说过，大错极少甚至从来不会引发问题，通常来说小错才是最关键的。这正是我执教的出发点，也是我同球员一起训练的原因，一旦发现类似情况，你就可以适时加以千预。
> 小错就是每天都会消耗点大量时间，带来很大隐性消耗的问题，不解决根本不可能超级流畅的运转。

从此我愈发明白，我得到帮助和治疗是为了不要放弃生命，而要好好珍惜它。自那以后，我也卸掉了担心自己英年早逝的所有包袱。像父亲一样早亡一直是我的一块心病，经历心脏手术之后，我彻彻底底摆脱了这一困扰。

不同岗位对素质的要求也不尽相同。青年队教练必须具备培养人才的能力，但在育人过程中，**最大的危险是青训教练只是改掉小球员的旧习惯，而不是挖掘其新的天赋**。举个例子，如果有人带球过多，不要强制他不许再带球，相反，你让他去单挑一个大块头的对手。假如遭到完爆，他很快就会长记性，知道自己要把球传出去。当然，对于刚进入青春期的男孩子，要同十六七岁即将迈人一线队的年轻人区别对待，你不能简单地只是安排个青训教练了事。

同理，你也不能随便任命主教练，这个教练必须同俱乐部高度契合。**俱乐部的水平是顶级、中游还是垫底，通常需要三种类型截然不同的教练。这不仅是因为球员能力差别巨大，你所面临的挑战层级也有着天壤之别**。再说一遍，技术总监必须找到并严守那条贯穿俱乐部历史传统的主线，要充当董事会和球队之间沟通的管道假如技术总监无视此主线，孤行己见，对一个机构来说绝对是致命的。

不光是球员，教练们也难辞其咎，阵形在他们手中越来越玩不转了，其实再简单不过:**当本方控球时，你要充分利用场地宽度，当丢了球权，你再压缩球场面积**。这是你儿时就能学到的基础理论，按理说球员们从小就该很熟悉，但假如队中都是在训练中没学过这一理论的球员，问题就来了。于是，你会看到后卫们丢球后回头朝自己的球门跑，而不是往前逼给对方拿球队员制造压力。这很可能给全队带来麻烦:如果后卫回撤太快，中场就会陷人混乱，最终导致前锋孤立无援。这样的错误判断让球队失去平衡，整个队形土崩瓦解。我在阿贾克斯和荷兰国家队都见过这种踢法，实在让人看不下去。我们在托克姆斯特花了大量时间争辩这些问题，谋划最佳方案来弥补我们挚爱的运动所受的伤害。
> 如此简单的就说清楚了问题，中国足球的黑色X分钟几乎都是这种类型的崩溃。

我的生活里常发生这样的事--和我有着特殊关系的人突然又辜负了我，像米歇尔斯，还有皮埃特·凯泽尔、卡尔斯·雷克萨奇及后来的马尔科·范巴斯滕。回想起来，也许这都属于人之常情。这种事也会发生在响当当的大人物身上，由于彼此间猛然产生了一种竞争关系，而他们被认为是伟大的，于是别人的意见就听不进去了。这些年来，我试着去换位思考，尤其是对米歇尔斯、凯泽尔和雷克萨奇。现在想想，我从他们身上学到了很多，但他们从未打算向我学习，我认为这种差别很能说明问题。比如皮埃特·凯泽尔，认识他时我还是个小伙子，他比我大三四岁。我失去父亲，他对我关怀备至，常叮嘱我:“回家吧，兄弟。回去睡觉，明天还有比赛。”然后他自己可能找乐子去了，不过他对我十分照顾。我那时十六七岁，有时会偷骑他的摩托车或骑走别人的自行车。**不管怎样，我耍过各种各样的花招，当这种情况出现时，能有个年长的人适当约束你是件好事**。这对我很重要，直到有一天有些事情起了变化。像阿贾克斯球员的集体投票，皮埃特击败我当选了队长，导致我转投巴塞罗那。还有后来，他反对我提出的重组阿贾克斯的方案。但就像我前面说的，这也许就是人的本性。无论如何，我对他都没有任何怨恨。尽管我对这些事保留自己的看法，但我永远忘不了他对我的帮助。

马尔科·范巴斯滕是极为优秀的球员，在各方面都非常聪明他不见得需要我帮助或是想跟我学习，这跟佩普·瓜迪奥拉的情况不同。**在巴塞罗那踢球时，佩普曾面临被裁掉的危险，因为他被认为是一个瘦长的大竹竿，不能防守，缺乏力量，空中作业没什么用。他因自己的所有弱项而受到指责，但我认为这些方面他都可以学着做好。这些人没有看到的是，瓜迪奥拉拥有顶尖球员的基本素质:行动速度、技术和洞察力，能展现如此能力的球员凤毛麟角，而他无疑全都具备**。这就是为什么我现在怀有极大的兴趣，关注着塞尔吉奥·布斯克茨的进步。在巴塞罗那，挂在每个人嘴边的都是布斯克茨之外的其他人，这些人都非常出色，但我关心的是如果阵容里不再有布斯克茨，他们会怎么样。我想大家会震惊于它所带来的变化。我还认为布斯克茨能成为一个好教练。同瓜迪奥拉一样，额外的付出使他达到了如今的成就，对两人来说，成功都来之不易。

**问题不在于俱乐部的理念是否应该改变，而是能否使它更好**。因此，你必须不断地问一个问题:这么做的速度是否应更快一点?如果是重要的事情，比如持续控球，就在不牺牲准确性的基础上磨炼更快速地传球。如果事情并不重要，就不必为此担心。你还必须能够判断什么是快什么是慢。高水平足球中对细节的分析是最难的，通过这种方式分解全局，为你夺取胜利的并不只在最后一击，有时还能提前两三个动作。球如何被队友接到，他下一步又会如何做?他需要一脚处理还是两脚?接球队员的控球能力怎样?随后你还得对付防守队员。当强队踢弱队时，强队中的有些队员往往有所放松，比赛节奏就会下降，球传不过来，或是传得太晚。你必须能看出这样的细节。这就是当下荷兰足球的问题，全世界都还在称颂我们的踢球风格，只可惜懂得如何训练球员这么踢的荷兰教练已寥寥无几。我大概 15 年前就注意到了这一情形，教练们选择了不同的阵形，这意味着空间利用也走了样。

这些潜在的问题将来只会增多，特别是现在中国对顶级足球产生了兴趣。这在我看来是一种完美的自然发展，因为足球的影响力已经遍布全球。你要想成为世界上举足轻重的力量，就必须参与到世界体育之中，不管是奥运会还是足球。不过，总还是需要某种特殊的平衡。中国的俱乐部或许认为他们只要买买买，球迷就能都被吸引来，但如果根基没打好，岂不是无本之木?你必须具备全局观，这也是为什么我极其关注日本足球的进步。美国也有很多相似之处，美国职业大联盟创办至今已有 20 多年的基础，他们仍在等待，看某一名球员是否可以让一切大不同，自己最终能否跻身世界顶尖球队之列。他们涌现出来的球员能力越来越强，足以前往更高级别的联赛效力，甚至登陆欧洲。日本足球和日本职业足球联赛同样如此。

每个位置的球员，尤其是前场球员，都需要应对这类情况，它不仅会影响到跑位本身，还有其他队友对此的预期。**每次跑位绝不应该是独立行为一-足球之美在于，每个位置的每次行动都以某种方式同场上其他位置的其他行动紧密关联**。举上面关于边锋的例子，为了将球接到脚下，他先是制造出自己向前跑的情形，但如果在同一时间，他的前锋队友跟他跑到了同一个空当，这名边锋的意图就失败了。当遇到这一情况，问题本是由前锋造成的，人们却指责边锋，所以会让我感到很恼火。我已经记不清自己跟记者发生过多少次争执了，他们只盯着某一个人的动作，根本意识不到他的表现受到了其他人的连累，是队友没能跟上他的能力。特别是对边锋来说，虚实之间的相互影响非常关键。当某队人数减为 10 人，就会暴露出目前的一个严重问题。这本应是另一队的优势，但你能看到越来越多的情况是，人数占优的球队反而陷入了麻烦，因为在对手全面收缩之后，场上出现了更多空间，他们突然间不知道该怎么办了。大多数时候，他们只是在对方的防线外将球倒来倒去，形不成真正的压力。

在足球领域，没有人比我更懂技战术和青训，那你为什么还要跟我争辩?这毫无意义，你只会把事情搞砸，所以听我的就是了，你能从中受益。如果连这个道理都不明白，你哪来那么大的自负?好在我常听身边特殊人物的意见，他们把我带到了正确的方向。